What was measured. These Articles keep a plain standard. A teaching is set down as held in common only when more than four in five of the sixteen Christian traditions measured teach it in their own adopted texts, which means at least thirteen of the sixteen. One teaching in Article 2 does not meet that standard. We say so here rather than let the Article imply otherwise.

Each tradition measured is counted as a family: a church, or a group of churches, whose adopted texts can be read. The sixteen are named as they appear on The Living Tree of Christ-Believing Traditions:

  1. Eastern Orthodox
  2. Catholic
  3. Lutheran
  4. Reformed
  5. Anglican
  6. Anabaptist
  7. Baptist
  8. Methodist
  9. Pentecostal (with independent charismatic churches)
  10. Stone-Campbell
  11. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  12. Adventist
  13. Jehovah's Witnesses
  14. Oriental Orthodox
  15. Church of the East
  16. Holiness

The Living Tree shows more branches than these sixteen. Which branches were measured, and which were not, is set out under "What the sixteen cover".

The list reaches beyond the historic creeds on purpose, because the Articles are offered to everyone who confesses Jesus' name. It includes:

  • Two families outside the Nicene confession: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, this ministry's own faith, and the Jehovah's Witnesses.
  • One family that holds no creed by conviction: the Stone-Campbell churches.

Including them does not change the result. Counted without The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the teaching falls shorter still.

Each tradition stands in one of four places on the teaching:

  • Teaches it: a church of the family teaches it in its own adopted text, and none officially teaches otherwise.
  • Divided: its own churches, each through its own governing body, have adopted opposite teachings.
  • No common position: no church in the family has adopted a text on the question either way, or its texts speak of something other than what the teaching means (see Soul and spirit). That is an absence of position, not a division, and never a disagreement.
  • Being confirmed: a church of the family has a text that may speak to the point, but its adoption or its wording has not yet been shown. It is not counted until it is.

On the teaching that God is the Father of our spirits, the sixteen stand as follows: seven teach it; none is divided; five have no common position (Pentecostal, Stone-Campbell, Adventist, Jehovah's Witnesses and Holiness); four are being confirmed (Eastern Orthodox, Anabaptist, Oriental Orthodox and Church of the East).

What "No common position" means here. No tradition measured was found to teach that our spirits come from any source but God. Four of the five that hold no common position are silent on the point: their adopted texts confess God as Creator and Preserver of all things, and some confess that we depend on Him for "life and breath", but none speaks to the origin of the human spirit. The fifth, the Jehovah's Witnesses, teach that the spirit which returns to God is the life-force that enabled the person to live, not a personal self, so their texts speak of something other than what this teaching means by our spirits (see Soul and spirit, below). Silence is reported as silence. Even if all four traditions still being confirmed are found to teach it, the count will be eleven, two short of thirteen. So the teaching cannot be counted as common ground by the standard these Articles keep, and we do not present it as such.

What the Scriptures say plainly. The Bible does not leave this teaching in shadow.

  • The Father of spirits: "Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and we gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live?" (Hebrews 12:9).
  • The spirit returns to its Giver: "Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was: and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it" (Ecclesiastes 12:7).
  • The God of the spirits of all flesh: Moses and Aaron cried, "O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh" (Numbers 16:22; see 27:16), and the LORD "formeth the spirit of man within him" (Zechariah 12:1).

Where the traditions differ. Christians who confess God as the Father of their spirits do not all describe that fatherhood in the same way. Some confess that God creates each soul directly; some speak of the spirit as His gift, returning to Him at death; the Restoration speaks of His children as begotten sons and daughters. The Article does not settle the manner of that fatherhood. Each tradition fills it in its own house.

Soul and spirit. Followers of Christ do not always use these words alike. Many say soul for the personal, immaterial self. Some use the word spirit in the place of soul. Others call the spirit and the body together the soul. Yet other traditions speak of the spirit as God's breath of life in each of us, rather than an individual person. Each church's text is read in its own usage, and is counted where it says, in either word, that the personal self comes from God. Whatever the true nature of our being, Scripture teaches that we were created in His image (Genesis 1:27).

Where these Articles stand. These Articles stand with the plain reading of Hebrews 12:9. As a covenant of discipleship, they confess that God is the Father of our spirits, and they name no manner of that fatherhood beyond what the verse confesses.

This interfaith ministry makes this confession knowing it is not set down in the adopted texts of every church that confesses Jesus' name, and draws no boundary with it. The one line these Articles draw for fellowship among fellow believers is the confession of Christ's name (1 Corinthians 12:3; 1 John 4:2).

The witness of the Restoration. For readers of the Restoration scriptures, the same teaching stands in latter-day revelation, and goes further:

  • Begotten of God: "That by him, and through him, and of him, the worlds are and were created, and the inhabitants thereof are begotten sons and daughters unto God" (D&C 76:24).
  • Created spiritually first: "For I, the Lord God, created all things, of which I have spoken, spiritually, before they were naturally upon the face of the earth" (Moses 3:5).
  • Returning home: "the spirits of all men, whether they be good or evil, are taken home to that God who gave them life" (Alma 40:11).

These are amplifying witness, not the Article's claim. The fuller account of the premortal life of the spirit is set out plainly in Volume 2.

A word to every reader. To call God "Father" is the first word of the prayer the Lord taught (Matthew 6:9). Hebrews 12:9 takes that word further: the One we address as Father is the Father of the very spirit that prays. Whatever tradition a reader comes from, and whether or not its confession has set this down, the invitation is the same: to come to Him not as a stranger to a Creator, but as a child to a Father who corrects us "for our profit, that we might be partakers of his holiness" (Hebrews 12:10).

Where the Lord's people speak of this fatherhood in different ways, we choose to speak plainly and to love without condition. We leave judgment with the One who alone sees the heart.

The record behind the counts

All sixteen families. "Teaches it" means a church of the family makes the claim in its own adopted text (C4(a)(i)) and none officially teaches otherwise. "No common position" means no church in the family has adopted a text either way, or its texts speak of something other than what the teaching means. "Being confirmed" means a candidate text's adoption or wording is not yet shown; it is not counted.

# Family A2-F1: Father of our spirits Deciding adopted texts Adherents (est., unverified; shown, never decides)
1 Eastern Orthodox Being confirmed Orthodox Confession of Peter Mogila, I, Q. 28, "the soul comes from God": approved by the four Eastern Patriarchs (1643) and the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), a historical witness; a current standard of a named Orthodox church is not yet shown ~220 m
2 Catholic Teaches it Catechism of the Catholic Church 366, "every spiritual soul is created immediately by God" ~1.39 bn
3 Lutheran Teaches it Formula of Concord, Solid Declaration I, 37–38, "the spirit to God, who gave it" (ELCA; Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod) ~75 m
4 Reformed Teaches it Westminster Confession 32.1, souls "return to God who gave them"; with 4.2 and Larger Catechism Q. 17 on the soul's creation (Presbyterian Church in America; Orthodox Presbyterian Church; Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), Book of Confessions 6.177) ~80 m
5 Anglican Teaches it The Episcopal Church, Book of Common Prayer (1979), p. 464, commendation of the departed, "Depart, O Christian soul ... who created you" ~85 m
6 Anabaptist Being confirmed Hutterite: Peter Riedemann, Account of Our Religion, the spirit "proceeded from God and was given to man"; English text and adoption not yet shown. Brethren in Christ, Manual (2024) Art. III: no position ~2.1 m
7 Baptist Teaches it Second London Confession (1689) 31.1, souls "return to God who gave them"; with 4.2 on the soul's creation (Confessional Baptist Association; Association of Confessional Baptist Churches, UK; Southern California Association of Reformed Baptist Churches) ~75–100 m
8 Methodist Teaches it John Wesley's Sermons 2, 16 and 26, God as "Father of the spirits of all flesh", adopted as doctrinal standard (United Methodist Church; Methodist Church of Great Britain; Global Methodist Church) ~50–75 m
9 Pentecostal (with independent charismatic churches) No common position International Pentecostal Holiness Church and others confess God "Maker and Preserver of all things"; no adopted text speaks to the human spirit ~280–640 m
10 Stone-Campbell No common position No adopted text on the point in any member body, either way ~5–7 m
11 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Teaches it Hebrews 12:9; Ecclesiastes 12:7; D&C 76:24; Moses 3:5; Alma 40:11 ~17 m
12 Adventist No common position Fundamental Belief 7, "dependent upon God for life and breath", with Genesis 2:7 and Acts 17:24–28 among its voted proofs: dependence for life, not the spirit's origin ~22 m
13 Jehovah's Witnesses No common position (interim footing) Insight on the Scriptures, "Spirit", on Ecclesiastes 12:7: the spirit that returns to God is the life-force, not a personal self (AOID2-SOUL-SPIRIT-REFERENT) ~8.8 m
14 Oriental Orthodox Being confirmed Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Anaphora, "breath of life" (Genesis 2:7): awaits a second independent edition or the Ge'ez text ~60 m
15 Church of the East Being confirmed Assyrian Church of the East, Catechism (2006), Q. 38 and 40, on point; adoption by the Holy Synod or the Patriarch not yet shown ~0.4–0.5 m
16 Holiness No common position Evangelical Methodist Church adopts Wesley's Sermons for Christian perfection only; the other Holiness bodies read are silent on the point ~7–9 m
Total teaching it 7 of 16 (0 divided, 5 no common position, 4 being confirmed) C4 requires 13 of 16

Disclosures on particular cells:

  • Anglican (B2(f)): the deciding text is a line of the Episcopal Church's authorised burial rite. It is confirmed in a second edition (Wikisource). If that edition were refused as independent, the cell would be "being confirmed" and the count would be six.
  • Methodist: the deciding text is John Wesley's Sermons, which the Methodist churches adopted as a doctrinal standard (United Methodist Church, Plan of Union, ¶104). A sermon standard is the Methodist form of an adopted text.
  • Jehovah's Witnesses: no common position, read in their own usage (AOID2-SOUL-SPIRIT-REFERENT). The reading rests on Governing Body–approved publications from a single publisher (B4), under the interim footing (AOID2-JW-FOOTING).
  • Adventist: no common position, borderline. Fundamental Belief 7, read with its voted proofs, speaks of dependence on God for life and breath, not of the spirit's origin (C4(a)(i)).
  • Cells still being confirmed, none able to bring the total to thirteen: Eastern Orthodox (Q-A2-F1-EO: a current standard of a named Orthodox church, such as a catechism approved by its synod or an official teaching statement, on God as the source of the human spirit; AOID2-FOS-EO-MOGILA-CURRENCY, 11 Oct 2026); Anabaptist (Q-A2-F1-AN: the English text of Riedemann, 1999 edition, and a ruling on the Hutterite adoption footing and on whether a statement about "man" generally makes the claim); Oriental Orthodox (Q-A2-F1-OO: the Ge'ez text or a second edition of the Ethiopian Anaphora of the Three Hundred, or a burial-rite text); Church of the East (Q-A2-F1-CE: an act of the Holy Synod or the Patriarch approving the 2006 or 2020 Catechism, or a burial-order or Qurbana line confirmed in a second edition or in Syriac). Left for Stage 2.

Sources for the table: WoP_AOID2_Stage1_A02_Scoring_Report_20261002.md (CODE-AOID2-06), WoP_AOID2_Stage1_A02_Settlement_Report_20261003.md (CODE-AOID2-07) and WoP_AOID2_Stage1_A02_Closeout_Report_20261003.md (CODE-AOID2-08, section 5.1, the final table), all in wop-scratch. The rows reflect the rulings of 2 and 3 Oct 2026 (AOID2-FLOOR-SUBSTANCE as amended by AOID2-SILENCE-NOT-DISAGREEMENT; AOID2-LITURGY-EDITION; AOID2-A2F1-FLOOR), not the first report's provisional verdicts. Adherent figures are carried from the Sexual Holiness disclosure and are not re-verified.

Method notes:

  • The standard: C4. A teaching is near-universal only when more than 80 per cent of the sixteen measured traditions, each counted as a family (at least thirteen), teach it in adopted texts (C4, as refined by AOID2-DENOMINATOR-EAST and AOID2-HOLINESS-FAMILY).

  • What counts as a position: a church's position is any text its competent body has adopted (F.2, AOID2-F2-GENRES). The text must itself make the claim, in the church's own words; a broader or neighbouring claim does not count (C4(a)(i), codex v0.16). A liturgy line counts only when its wording is confirmed in a second independent edition or the original language (B2(f)).

  • Who decides a family's place (C4(a)(iv)). Where not every church in a family has adopted a text on the point, the churches named in its row decide its place; the family's other churches were silent on the point or were not read.

  • Soul and spirit (C4(a)(i)). Where a tradition's adopted text uses "soul" or "spirit" for the personal, immaterial self, and that meaning is clear from the text itself or the texts adopted with it, the two words are read as equivalent when measuring a floor about human nature. Where that context gives the word another meaning (the spirit as an impersonal life-force, the only spirit as God's indwelling Spirit, or the soul as spirit and body together, after D&C 88:15), the text is read in that meaning and is not counted on the strength of the shared word (AOID2-SOUL-SPIRIT-REFERENT, 11 Oct 2026).

  • "God who gave it" (C4(a)(i)). The Lutheran, Reformed and Baptist cells rest on texts that say the soul or spirit returns "to God who gave it" (Ecclesiastes 12:7), set against the body's return to the dust. Read with the Scripture they adopt, these texts make the contrast Hebrews 12:9 draws between the Father of spirits and the fathers of our flesh; how that fatherhood is understood is left to each tradition.

  • Silence is not disagreement: every count is reported as taught, contradicted and no position; silence is never described as dispute or division (C4(a)(ii), codex v0.16).

  • What the floor claims: only what Hebrews 12:9 confesses, God as the "Father of spirits" set against the "fathers of our flesh". The manner of that fatherhood is left to each tradition (A4). The floor is kept at the Article's words and not widened (AOID2-A2F1-FLOOR).

  • A note on the Jehovah's Witnesses. As in the Sexual Holiness disclosure: their teaching is set in publications approved by their Governing Body, counted as the family's adopted teaching for now, while the rule for traditions without creeds is still being settled. Their cell is scored as no common position: the spirit their publications say returns to God is the life-force, not a personal self (AOID2-SOUL-SPIRIT-REFERENT, 11 Oct 2026).

  • What the sixteen cover. The Living Tree of Christ-Believing Traditions is a devotional map, not an institutional genealogy. Its rows group traditions by historical setting, theological affinity, cultural relationship, revival influence or restorationist self-understanding. A row is a grouping for the eye, not a measured family. Each family measured is a church, or group of churches, whose adopted texts can be read.

    Tree row Measured as families Not measured
    Old-World Christian Traditions Eastern Orthodox; Catholic (including the Eastern Catholic churches); Oriental Orthodox; Church of the East —
    Western & Reformation Traditions Lutheran; Reformed; Anglican; Anabaptist; Baptist; Methodist —
    Revival & Renewal Traditions Pentecostal; Holiness Evangelical (a movement, counted within families; see below); Charismatic (independent charismatic churches counted with Pentecostal, charismatic renewal inside another family with that family); Non-denominational (see below)
    Restorationist & Adventist Traditions Stone-Campbell; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; Adventist; Jehovah's Witnesses Dispensationalism (a movement, counted within families; see below)
    Global & Independent Expressions — Messianic Jews; African Initiated Churches; Chinese House Churches; Independent New Religious Movements; Local & Regional Expressions
    Total 4 + 6 + 2 + 4 + 0 = 16

    Notes on the table:

    • Evangelical and Dispensationalism are movements, not traditions of their own. Each is a way of believing that runs across many churches rather than a church in itself. Evangelical Christians are found among Baptists, Reformed, Anglicans, Methodists, Pentecostals and non-denominational congregations; Dispensationalism, a way of reading biblical prophecy and history, is held chiefly in Baptist, Bible and independent churches and taught through schools and study Bibles. Neither has a governing body of its own that adopts doctrine binding on its churches. Associations such as the National Association of Evangelicals and the World Evangelical Alliance publish statements of faith, but they are fellowships that churches join; each member church's teaching is still set by its own governing body. These Articles therefore count Evangelical and Dispensationalist believers where their own churches stand. On this teaching, their voices are in the count among those who teach it through the Presbyterian Church in America and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, which hold the Westminster Confession; through the Confessional Baptist Association, the Association of Confessional Baptist Churches (UK) and the Southern California Association of Reformed Baptist Churches, which hold the Second London Confession of 1689; and through the Global Methodist Church, which holds Wesley's Sermons as a doctrinal standard. Where their churches have adopted no text on the point, as with the Assemblies of God and the other Pentecostal bodies read, they stand with their family as holding no common position. That is silence, not dissent.
    • Non-denominational churches are not heard as a family, and that is a real gap. Each congregation governs itself, with no body above it that adopts teaching, so a method built on adopted texts cannot read them at family scale. They are many, tens of millions in the United States alone, and their absence from the count is disclosed here rather than explained away.
    • Holiness is measured as a family of its own (AOID2-HOLINESS-FAMILY, 1 Oct 2026). The Holiness churches descend from Methodism and share Wesley's teaching on sanctification, but the Living Tree shows them as their own branch, and they govern themselves. The Free Methodist Church is counted with Holiness. Churches that are both Holiness and Pentecostal, such as the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), the Church of God in Christ and the International Pentecostal Holiness Church, are counted with Pentecostal. Two churches sometimes listed with Holiness are counted elsewhere: the Christian and Missionary Alliance calls itself an evangelical denomination and its teaching on sanctification is not Wesleyan, so it is counted as part of the Evangelical movement; the Brethren in Christ describe themselves as shaped by Anabaptist and Pietist roots and are counted with the Anabaptists.
    • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints means that Church alone. Churches that separated from it, including Community of Christ, are distinct bodies and are not counted with it, as Catholic and Eastern Orthodox are not counted together.
    • Eastern Orthodox is scored on its own adopted texts, which speak for the Eastern churches only. The Oriental Orthodox churches and the Church of the East, separate since the fifth century, are not represented by them; they are measured as families of their own (AOID2-DENOMINATOR-EAST, 1 Oct 2026).

    Ruled 1 Oct 2026: the Oriental Orthodox churches and the Church of the East are added as families 14 and 15 (AOID2-DENOMINATOR-EAST), and the Holiness churches as family 16 (AOID2-HOLINESS-FAMILY). The other unmeasured branches stay outside, disclosed here, because they have no adopted texts the method can read.

  • Translation: KJV throughout. Every quotation above was verified on 4 Oct 2026 by two instruments (WebFetch, and a browser read of the page text) on two publishers (churchofjesuschrist.org and ebible.org), and all readings were identical. D&C, Moses and Alma were checked on the canonizing publisher only, by both instruments, as accepted for the Sexual Holiness disclosure. 1 Corinthians 12:3 and 1 John 4:2 are cited, not quoted, and were verified for the Sexual Holiness disclosure.

If you belong to one of these traditions and believe we have misread its teaching, please tell us, and name the adopted text we should read.